So you have decided that you’ve got what it takes to become a Tek Diver:- the drive, the time, the money and the attitude, so what are the prerequisites? As with recreational training agencies, the prerequisites are quite similar in their requirements, with each agency wanting varying specific minimum standards.
The two programs that I cover are DSAT (Diving Science and Technology) with Tec Rec and IANTD (International Association of nitrox and Technical Divers) programs. .
The DSAT PROGRAMS
The Tec Deep Diver Course goals are divided up into five primary goals:
To qualify you to make gas switch, extended no decompression dives, decompression stop dives and accelerated decompression dives using air, enriched air and oxygen to 50m, using technical diving equipment and procedures required to manage the risks involved.
To Train you in the motor skills required for technical scuba diving.
To assure you understand and acknowledge the hazards and risks involved with the above types of technical diving, as well as the limits to training received in the course.
To train you to prepare for and to respond to reasonably foreseeable emergencies that may occur in this type of technical diving.
To provide the foundational skills for further training in technical diving.
Prior to enrolling in the Tec Deep Diver Course, you will need to verify that you meet these prerequisites:
Certified as a PADI Advanced Openwater diver or equivalent
Certified as a PADI Rescue diver or equivalent
Minimum age : 18 years.
Certified as a PADI Enriched Air and Deep Diver or equivalent
Have a minimum of 100 logged dives, of which at least 20 dives were made with enriched air nitrox, 25 dives were deeper than 18m and at least 15 dives were deeper than 30m.
Certification as a DSAT Tec Deep Diver means you’re qualified to plan and make decompression stop dives and extended no stop dives, using air, enriched air and oxygen, to a maximum depth of 50m, in condition comparable to, or better than, those in which you’ve been trained and have experience.
Training Duration:
A full time program will take in the region of 10 days – although this program can be done on a part time basis and then would be subject to agreed dates.
Apprentice Tec Diver Course:
For those who don’t have all the prerequisites, one can start the program with the Apprentice Tec Diver Course whilst you slowly gain the experience to carry on with the balance of the Tec Deep Diver.
The Apprentice Goals are:
To qualify you to make gas switch, extended no decompression dives to 40m using air, enriched air with up to 60% oxygen, using technical diving equipment and procedures.
To train you in the motor skills required for technical diving.
To assure you understand and acknowledge the hazards and risks involved with technical diving, as well as the limits to the training received in the course.
To train you to prepare for and respond to reasonable foreseeable emergencies that may occur in this type of diving.
To provide the foundational skills and knowledge for completing the entire Tec Deep Diver course.
Prior to enrolling in the apprentice Tec Diver Course, you will need to verify that you meet these prerequisites:
Certified as a PADI Advanced Openwater Diver or equivalent
Minimum age 18 years
Certified as a PADI Enriched Air and Deep Diver or equivalent
Have a minimum of 50 logged dives, of which at least 10 dives were made with enriched air nitrox, 12 dives were deeper than 18m and at least 6 dives were deeper than 30m.
Certification as a DSAT Apprentice Tec Diver means that you’re qualified to plan and make no stop dives and extended no stop dives using air and enriched air (up to 60% oxygen) to a maximum depth of 40m in conditions comparable to or better than those in which you’ve been trained and have experience.
Training Duration:
A full time program is approximately 5 days. This program can be completed on a part time basis as well.
The IANTD PROGRAMS
REBREATHER DRAGER RAY & ATLANTIS
This Program is designed to train competent divers in the safer use and technology of the Dräger Ray and Dolphin Semi Closed Rebreather. You will be able to strip and reassemble the unit down to component level. Advantages from Nitrox mixes and with extended bottom times.
Training Duration:
6 Days
Prerequisites:
Must be qualified as an EANx diver. (IANTD EANx may be taken in conjunction with the Rebreather Diver Program or the Open Water Rebreather Diver Program.). Must be a minimum of 18 years of age.
Dives and theory:
A minimum of 240 minutes of in-water training to complete the course, in a combination of confined water and open water environments. Must be completed within 4 Open Water Dives. Theory of Rebreathers in general will be covered. The Dräger Ray / Dolphin Semi Closed Rebreather specifically will be covered.
This Program is designed to train competent divers in the safer use and technology of the Buddy Inspiration . You will be able to use the unit in any mode. You will be able to strip and reassemble the unit down to component level (excluding Computers). The inspiration is the most flexible of all Rebreather systems. You can use it “straight out of the box” for recreational dives, as well as for very serious technical dives (with appropriate bail out gas).
Training Duration:
5 days
Prerequisites:
Must be IANTD Advanced EANx Diver or equivalent. (IANTD Advanced EANx may be taken in conjunction with the Rebreather Diver Program.) Must be a minimum of 18 years of age.
Dives and Theory:
A minimum of eight hours in-water training to complete the course, in a combination of confined water and open water environments. Theory of Rebreathers in general will be covered, as well as the Buddy Inspiration specifically.
Equipment:
Buddy Inspiration - Straight out of the “box”. Integrated BC, Auto air bailout, cylinders.
ADVANCED NITROX (Open Circuit)
This is a great intro course for those who want to get a basic understanding of technical diving
Equipment Needed:
Use any EANx mix 22% - 40%
Use EANx to maximum depth of 39m
Participate in Decompression stop diving on EANx
Use EANx 50 for Accelerated decompression
Use single cylinder
Redundancy – Pony cylinder or H valve
Pony cylinder for EANx 50 for accelerated decompression gas
Prerequisites:
Certified as an IANTD Eanx Diver and Deep air diver with 15 openwater dives or
Show proof of experience as a Deep Air Diver with 50 logged dives including 10 dives between 27-39m
Minimum age 15 years with a parent or 18 years without guardian.
Training Duration:
4 days
NORMOXIC TRIMIX (oxygen, helium, nitrogen)
This Program is designed to train those who wish to dive to depths between 39 meters and 60 meters on open circuit or on rebreathers, to a maximum depth of 51 meters. Trimix affords a means of reducing narcosis on dives to such depths and for those who do not wish to breathe air below 39 meters. Use non hypoxic trimix to 60m (hypoxic means a gas that you can breath from the surface to the bottom and back to the surface again)
Equipment Needed:
Use EANx & 100% oxygen as a decompression gas
Redundancy- twin cylinders (preferably twin 12 litre steels with isolation manifolds)
1 x 7litre pony for accelerated decompression gas
2 x regulators for twin set
1 x oxygen clean regulator for pony
Twin bladdered BC or single BC with a drysuit
2 x reels and SMB’s (for ocean diving)
Prerequisites:
Certified as an IANTD Advanced EANx diver or equivalent
Log of proof of 100 dives, with a least 30 dives deeper than 27m or
Or if entering the program on equivalent experience must be IANTD EANx Diver or equivalent with minimum of 150 dives, 50 of which must be deeper than 27m
Minimum age 18 years.
If doing the course on a Rebreather you must have 20 dives and 25 hours on the Inspiration rebreather. Must be a minimum of 18 years of age.
Equipment Needed for the Normoxic CCR:
Inspiration Rebreather
2 x side sling cylinders
2 x first stage and second stage regulators, and LP hoses
Twin bladdered BC or single BC with a drysuit
2 x reels and SMB’s (for ocean diving)
Training Duration:
Approximately 7 days
TRIMIX DIVER
This program affords a safer means for deep-water exploration. The IANTD Trimix Diver Program establishes the need to be self-sufficient/reliant. This mix of oxygen, helium, and nitrogen is usually made up of a gas which cannot be breathed at the surface as there is not enough oxygen content. As a result of this one has to use a “travel gas” down to a depth where the partial pressure of the oxygen in the Trimix is breathable
Prerequisites - Must be qualified as an:
IANTD Technical Diver or
Technical Cave Diver or
Technical Wreck Diver or
Normoxic Trimix Diver or equivalent.
Minimum of 200 logged dives, of which at least 25 were to depths between 39 meters and 60 meters. Must be a minimum of 18 years of age
OR
If being accepted in the Program based on equivalent experience:
Must provide proof of a minimum of 250 logged dives, of which at least 75 were deeper than 30 meters, and at least 25 between depths of 39 meters and 51 meters. Must be a minimum of 18 years of age.
INSPIRATION TRIMIX DIVER - If doing the course on the Inspiration rebreather:
Must be qualified as an IANTD rebreather diver or entering the program on equivalent experience
Must be qualified as either a Normoxic Trimix diver or Trimix Diver (oc)
Or must be taking the Normoxic and Trimix course on the Inspiration with all dives other than confined water made on Trimix, Heliox and / or Helair
Minimum 200 logged dives or sufficient experience doing technical dives to satisfy the instructor, of which at east 50 of the technical dives were on the Inspiration
Dives and Theory
A minimum of 200 minutes of open-water run time completed within three Trimix dives to depths between 50 meters and 79 meters. All depths must be worked up to incrementally with no increase greater than 12 meters from one dive to the next. One dive must be to at least 60 meters or deeper. Theory will be covered between dives. Pre reading and completion of the workbooks is a pre-requisite.
OR - CCR
For open circuit qualified trimix divers doing the CCR Trimix course, minimum of 150 minutes run time.
For Normoxic Trimix CCR diver, minimum 240 minutes run time within 4 dives.
If a combination of Normoxic and Trimix program is run in conjunction, minimum of 480 minutes run time.
Training Duration:
Open Circuit :- Full Trimix - 5 days
Full Trimix if certified as Normoxic Trimix or Technical Diver - 5 days
Equipment needed:
Recommended twin 12/15 cylinders, (Preferably with Isolator manifold).
2 x first stage and second stage (one reg to have long hose ie 2m)
1 x SPG, 2 x LP power infators.
Twin bladder or BC with drysuit
2 x depth/time recorders
1 x Stage cylinder: (300 bar not recommended)
Deco Cylinder – with O2 clean Regulator
2 x reels and SMB.
OR the CCR Program
Inspiration Rebreather
3 x side sling cylinders
3 x first stage and second stage regulators, and LP hoses
Twin bladdered BC or single BC with a drysuit
2 x reels and SMB’s (for ocean diving)
Other smaller items will be discussed on course
CAVERN DIVER:
This Program is designed to provide an introduction to the cave diving environment.
Cavern: Is designed to develop cavern diving skills within the limits of light penetration.
Cave Intro: Full cave penetration to a third of a single cylinder with no jumps.
Prerequisites for Cavern Diving:
Must be qualified as an IANTD Advanced Open Water Diver or equivalent. Must provide proof of a minimum of 10 logged dives. Must be a minimum of 15 years of age with a parent or guardian authorization, or a minimum of 18 years of age without guardian approval.
Training Duration:
2 days with 4 dives.
OK, so you start your investigation, but you now start to come across a whole new lingo, just when you thought you had diving taped!. Well, to help you on your way - heres a helping hand:
RGBM - Reduced Gradient Bubble Model
By Chris Parrett - Abysmal Diving Inc.
Dr. Bruce Wienke, Director of the Computation Testbed for Industry, Advanced Computing Laboratory at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the creator of the RGBM (Reduced Gradient Bubble Model) has joined the Abysmal Diving team. Dr. Wienke will be assisting us in the implementation of his latest decompression model into Abyss.
This means that Abyss will be the first and only product in the world with a fully operational Bubble Mechanics model.
1.This will allow Abyss to more effectively handle Technical Repetitive decompression diving!!! (not a small issue in itself!!)
2.Dives in which the following dive is deeper than the first. (a real potential problem area).
3.This will also allow Abyss to run active tracking, in real time, of actual bubble growth based upon his published and proprietary unpublished research.
RGBM / ABYSS Implementation
The Reduced Gradient Bubble Model (RGBM) is a dual phase (dissolved and free gas) algorithm for diving calculations. Incorporating and coupling historical Haldanian dissolved gas transport with bubble excitation and growth, the RGBM extends the range of computational applicability of traditional methods. The RGBM is correlated with diving and exposure data on more complete physical principles. Much is new in the RGBM algorithm, and troublesome multidiving profiles with higher incidence of DCS are a target here. Some highlighted extensions for the ABYSS implementation of the Buhlmann basic algorithm include:
1.Standard Buhlmainiann no-stop time limits;
2.Restricted repetitive exposures, particularly beyond 30m / 100 ft, based on reduction in permissible bubble diffusion gradients within 2 hour time spans;
3.Restricted yo-yo and spike (multiple ascents and descents) dives based on excitation of new bubble seeds;
4.Restricted deeper-than-previous divers based on excitation of very small bubble seeds over 2 hour time spans:
5.Restricted multiday diving based on adaptation and regrowth of new bubble seeds;
6.Smooth coalescence of bounce and saturation limit points using 32 tissue compartments;
7.Consistent treatment of altitude diving, with proper zero point extrapolation of limiting tensions and permissible bubble gradients (through zero as pressure approaches zero);
8.Algorithm linked to diving data (tests), Doppler bubble, and laboratory micronuclei experiments;
9.Overall, parameters in RGBM / ABYSS are conservative, but flexible and easy to change or fit to new data.
What's in store for the future?
Quoting from Dr. Bruce Wienke..."The ultimate computational algorithm, coupling nucleation, dissolved gas uptake and elimination, bubble growth and collisional coalescence, and critical sites, would be very, very complicated, requiring super-computers such as CRAYS or their massively parallel cousins CMs for three dimensional modeling. Stochastic Monte Carlo methods and sampling techniques exist which could generate and stabilize nuclei from the thermodynamic functions, such as Gibbs or Helmholtz free energy, transport dissolved gas in flowing blood to appropriate sites, inflate, deflate, move, and collide bubbles and nuclei, and then tally statistics on tensions, bubble size and number, inflation and coalescence rate, free phase volume, and any other meaningful parameter, all in necessary geometrics."
Such types of simulations of similarly complicated problems last for 16-32 hours at the Los Alimos Laboratories, on lightning fast supercomputers with near Gigaflop speed (1billion floating point operations per second)
Technical Details on the RGBM (Reduced Gradient Bubble Model)
The Reduced Gradient Bubble Model (RGBM), developed by DR Wienke, treats both dissolved and free phase transfer mechanisms, postulating the existence of gas seeds (micronuclei) with permeable skins of surface active molecules, small enough to remain in solution and strong enough to resist collapse. The model is based upon laboratory studies of bubble growth and nucleation, and grew from a similar model, the Varying Permeability Model (VPM), treating bubble seeds as gas micropockets contained by pressure permeable elastic skins.
Inert gas exchange is driven by the local gradient, the difference between the arterial blood tension and the instantaneous tissue tension. Compartments with 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 240, 480, and 720 halftimes, tau , are again employed. While, classical (Haldane) models limit exposures by requiring that the tissue tensions never exceed the critical tensions, fitted to the US Navy no-stop limits, for example. The reduced gradient bubble model, however, limits the supersaturation gradient, through the phase volume constraint. An exponential distribution of bubble seeds, falling off with increasing bubble size is assumed to be excited into growth by compression-decompression. A critical radius, r sub c , separates growing from contracting micronuclei for given ambient pressure, P sub c . At sea level, P sub c = 10m / 33 fsw , r sub c = .8 microns, and DELTA P = d. Deeper decompressions excite smaller, more stable, nuclei.
Within a phase volume constraint for exposures, a set of nonstop limits, t sub n , at depth, d, satisfy a modified law, d t sub n sup 1/2 = 122m / 400 fsw min sup 1/2 , with gradient, G, extracted for each compartment, tau , using the nonstop limits and excitation radius, at generalized depth, d = P - 10m / 33 fsw. Tables 2 and 3 summarize t sub n , G sub 0 , DELTA G , and delta , the depth at which the compartment begins to control exposures.
Table 2. Critical Phase Volume Time Limits.
depth - d
nonstop limit
depth -d
nonstop limit
(fsw)
(msw)
t sub n (min)
(fsw )
(msw)
t sub n (min)
30
9
250
130
40
9
40
12
130
140
43
8
50
15
73
150
46
7
60
18
52
160
47
6.5
70
21
39
170
50
5.8
80
24
27
180
53
5.3
90
27
22
190
56
4.6
100
30
18
200
59
4.1
110
33
15
210
62
3.7
120
36
12
220
65
3.1
Gas filled crevices can also facilitate nucleation by cavitation. The mechanism is responsible for bubble formation occurring on solid surfaces and container walls. In gel experiments, though, solid particles and ragged surfaces were seldom seen, suggesting other nucleation mechanisms. The existence of stable gas nuclei is paradoxical. Gas bubbles larger than 1 micron should float to the surface of a standing liquid or gel, while smaller ones should dissolve in a few seconds. In a liquid supersaturated with gas, only bubbles at the critical radius, r sub c , would be in equilibrium (and very unstable equilibrium at best). Bubbles larger than the critical radius should grow larger, and bubbles smaller than the critical radius should collapse. Yet, the Yount gel experiments confirm the existence of stable gas phases, so no matter what the mechanism, effective surface tension must be zero.
Table 3. Critical Phase Volume Gradients.
halftime
threshold depth
surface gradient
gradient change
tau (min)
delta (fsw)
delta (msw)
G sub 0 (fsw)
G sub 0 (msw)
DELTA G
2
190
58
151.0
46.1
0.518
5
135
41
95.0
29.0
0.515
10
95
29
67.0
20.5
0.511
20
65
20
49.0
15.0
0.506
40
40
12
36.0
11.0
0.468
80
30
10
27.0
8.2
0.417
120
28
8.5
24.0
7.3
0.379
240
16
4.9
23.0
7.0
0.329
480
12
3.7
22.0
6.7
0.312
Although the actual size distribution of gas nuclei in humans is unknown, these experiments in gels have been correlated with a decaying exponential (radial) distribution function. For a stabilized distribution accommodated by the body at fixed pressure, P sub c , the excess number of nuclei excited by compression-decompression must be removed from the body. The rate at which gas inflates in tissue depends upon both the excess bubble number, and the supersaturation gradient, G. The critical volume hypothesis requires that the integral of the product of the two must always remain less than some volume limit point, alpha V , with alpha a proportionality constant. A conservative set of bounce gradients, G bar , can be also be extracted for multiday and repetitive diving, provided they are multiplicatively reduced by a set of bubble factors, eta sup rep, eta sup reg , eta sup exc , all less than one, such that G bar = eta sup rep eta sup reg eta sup exc G.
These three bubble factors reduce the driving gradients to maintain the phases volume constraint. The first bubble factor reduces G to account for creation of new stabilized micronuclei over time scales of days. The second factor accounts for additional micronuclei excitation on deeper-than-previous dives. The third bubble factor accounts for bubble growth over repetitive exposures on time scales of hours. Clearly, the repetitive factors, eta sup rep , relax to one after about 2 hours, while the multiday factors, eta sup reg , continue to decrease with increasing repetitive activity, though at very slow rate. Increases in bubble elimination halftime and nuclei regeneration halftime will tend to decrease eta sup rep and increase eta sup reg . The repetitive fractions, eta sup rep , restrict back to back repetitive activity considerably for short surface intervals. The multiday fractions get small as multiday activities increase continuously beyond 2 weeks. Deeper-than-previous excursions incur the greatest reductions in permissible gradients (smallest eta sup exc ) as the depth of the exposure exceeds previous maximum depth.
TEK DIVER LINGO
Algorithm particular version of a decompression model
Back gas gas in your doubles, usually lowest oxygen blend
Blow a bag send up a lift bag/SMB
Blow Up lose buoyancy control and ascend out of control esp. in a
dry suit
Bust a stop skip a required deco stop, due to error or emergency
Decompression stop a mandatory stop required before exiting the water thus preventing
DCI – without a deco stop, DCI would be highly likely
CNS hit a convulsion caused by oxygen toxicity to the central
nervous system
DCI/DCS hit to suffer DCI/DCS
Gas includes any blend of enriched air, air, oxygen, helium and/or nitrogen
Trimix gas gas mix of helium, oxygen and nitrogen
Heliox gas gas mix of only helium and oxygen
PpO2 the partial pressure of oxygen at a given depth on a specific % of oxygen
Hang Deco stop/s as in “how long was the hang’ comes from
Hanging on to an anchor/mooring line while decompressing
Hogarthian a slang term for the most common, standard tec rig layout
Hypoxic gas a gas blend with less than 16% oxygen
Gas management calculating the amount of gas with reserve and emergency for the dive
(very important when only two divers)
Jon line short line used to clip you to the anchor line while
decompressing in a current
Long hose the primary second stage on a 2 m hose.
MOD maximum operating depth – max acceptable depth at which
you can breath a gas
Normoxic gas air or other gas blend with enough oxygen to sustain life at the surface,
Therefore 16% minimum
Stage to leave something to retrieve later, especially a stage bottle
or deco cylinder
Suicide clip clip with a swinging gate, ie marine clip because they latch to
things by themselves, a potential hazard.
Thirds most common reserve in tec diving – saving one third gas for
emergencies
Turn pressure gas pressure at which you end the dive/or turn towards the exit,
so that you end with the required reserve
Wings Tec diving BCD (horse shoe shaped) bladders, also brand
name of a BCD
Conclusion: from my experience and without being over dramatic, the vast majority of people will find out within the first course of technical diving whether it is for them or not as unlike recreational diving, it is different in many respects and requires a very high standard of diving discipline.
This is due to the fact that even if you do everything right, there is still a higher inherent potential for an accident leading to permanent injury and death. One must accept this risk when you enter into technical diving and technical diver training. But, I must add when you do get it all working, there is a huge sense of personal achievement.
ISOBARIC COUNTERDIFFUSION - WHAT is Isobaric Counterdiffusion ?
For mixed gas deco divers, it is a real gas transport mechanism. It is not FICTION and divers need to pay attention to it in switching gass on deco dives.
WHY - Studied first by Lambertsen and Idicula in divers in 1975,published and reported in many diving medical and physiology journals, and now accepted by Deco science community worldwide. - in the Laboratory by Strauss and Kunkle in bubble experiments, which is a simple physical law, when differing gas solubility’s and diffusion coefficients provide a means for multiple inert gases to move in opposite directions under driving gradients. GOT ALL THAT?
Isobaric means equal ambient pressure.
Counter diffusion means two (or more) gasses diffusing in opposite directions.
For divers the TWO inert gases are nitrogen and helium. Thus these two gases moving in opposite directions under equal ambient pressure in tissues and blood. The important part is the relative speeds that the two gases diffuse in and out the tissues/blood, which can temporarily induce high tissue gas super saturation levels and greater susceptibility to bubble formation and DCS.
In fact, because of the depths and pressure, switches off Nitrox back (Due to the Oxygen Clock) to trimix is not a good idea (alternatives can be used) Switching from heavy-to-light gas mixtures, increased in gassing gradients for one or other gases lead to “isobaric slam”. Slam shows up on deep dives as inner ear vertigo with fluid shifts, worst-case scenario would be a round window rupture.
Light gases (helium) diffuse faster than heavier (nitrogen) gases. If you were to surround nitrogen loaded tissue and blood with helium, (Switching on open circuit Nitrox gases, to Trimix back gas) will result in greater total gas loading because helium will diffuse into the tissue and blood faster than nitrogen diffuses out, resulting in higher total inert gas tensions.
In the case of Dry suits filled with light gases while breathing heavier gases, can cause skin lesions and the symptom logy is term “subcutaneous ICD”
You may say, detox switches from deco Nitrox to trimix back gas is done and still done and you haven’t had any problems. For most dives around the 80m to 100m range, for periods of time not exceeding 60min or so, short detox switches are not high risk as long as times stay below 40min roughly.
This not to say that what has been said is not true. With more divers doing longer bottom times at these depths the problem is very real and extra care is needed, by careful selection of switch mixers, minimization of nitrogen, and washout with oxygen/helium and then 100% oxygen (not forgetting the calculation of the oxygen clock). Following my previous article regarding the lower thePpO2 at the bottom will reduce the required detox switches.
For the Trimix CCR diver the problem is if we have to bail out to open circuit. As we know the CCR trimix diver does not have to worry about “slaming” whilst on the loop (provided one does not flush the loop with a different gas) as the pressure gradient in the surrounding tissues and blood is smooth and constant although I do like to keep a heavy gas in the dry suit (Air) in the event I have to bailout to opencuit.
Bailout gases for the CCR Trimix diver needs careful calculation, and is very dependent on the environment that we are diving (exactly like the open circuit divert)
To summarize and to help those OPEN CIRCUIT divers who are calculating there gases, when planning a dive, take some time and look at the deco obligation need with just your Trimix, then input Deco gases with high Oxygen Pp 0f 1.6 or there about at switch Depth, Helium reduce the mix between 20 or 25 % and the NITROGEN % is the remaining. Second switch again at switch depth Oxygen Ppof 1,6 again reduce the He gas by only 20% and the reminder will be Nitrogen
Then at 10msw 80% Oxygen and 20% Helium( PROVIDED your Helium mix is greater then 20%, if is not then the mix may be ,say 80% O2--- 10% Helium--- 10% Nitrogen) and final switch to 100% oxygen at 6msw. KEEP the gradients smooth!!! The down side is that deco run times will be longer.
Please bear in mind that not all Deco planning software, take into account ICD, so check this with the software designers and compare the run times with alternate logarithms
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